Committee

Speech by the Leader of the Nation, President of the Republic of Tajikistan His Excellency Mr. Emomali Rahmon at State Language Day of the Republic of Tajikistan

Ҳайати тадорукот's picture
Submitted by Ҳайати тадорукот on 4 October, 2019 - 10:52
Речь по случаю Дня государственного языка Республики Таджикистан

Dear Compatriots!
Language is an invaluable boon in the life of the humankind. It is through language that a person expresses his feelings, thoughts and judgments. National language is like a bright mirror that reflects the history, spiritual peace and wisdom of every nation.Moreover, in the culture and civilization of all peoples, including the Tajik nation, native language is the foundation, which strengthens the basis of the national mentality and serves as the main factor of its preservation.
Our native language is a beautiful and poetic language, which for millennia embodied the knowledge and wisdom accumulated by the Tajik people. It is a convincing testament to our existence and a vivifying source in historical destiny of our nation.In other words, it is this language, thanks to whichthe glorious Tajik people created and introducedits rich history and culture to the world.
Alongside other languages ofKhorasan andMawarannahr, the Tajik language is the successor to ancient Aryan languages. World-known scientists and researchers have proved that Tajiks have made an invaluable input into the history of human civilization, and our language is listed among the most ancient languages on the planet. There are thousands of scientific studies on this issue.
The roots of our language date back to the antiquity, to the centuries before the Christ and the first centuries of the new chronology, especially to the times of existence of the Sogdian, Bactrian, Pehlavi and other languages. In the 20s of the last century, at a difficult and crucial time for the Tajik people, our language was officially termed as the "Tajik language", which became a serious prerequisite for the formation of a national state.
Therefore, while addressingour compatriots and to the Tajik language speakers andits fans, I urge you to makeevery possible effort to learn our language, explore its history, undertake measures to train specialists on the history of the language with an emphasis on its background in ancient times, only a few of whom we can find nowadays. It is also important to train dialect and text specialists.These efforts are necessary in order to eliminate the errors in the contemporary Tajik language and enrich it furtherbased oncharming and meaningful words and expressions that have long been used in our speech.
Today the world knows us as Tajiks, our country as Tajikistan, and our language as the Tajik language. Hundreds and thousands of celebrities, including geniuses, created and wrote in this language and inherited immortal works.
Wisdom and humanism, which form the basis and essence of the creations of our ancestors, are voiced in this extraordinarily rich, multifaceted, sweet-spoken language for centuries. It is due to this language that the cultural and spiritual world of our people hasgained heartof people.
The works of Rudaki, Firdavsee, Attor, Sanoee, Saadi, Hofiz, MavlonoBalkhee, Mavlono Jami and hundreds of others, written many centuries ago, even todayis clearly understood, accessible and appreciatedby our people.Today every educated person reads and delves into essence and contentof these immortal works without dictionaries and comments.For example,we still easily understand, enjoy and admire the richness of high thoughts of the “Adam of Poets" - ustodRudaki, who was born in thePanjrudVillage –a mountainous district of Panjakent, and recognized as the founder of Tajik-Persian literature.This, of course, is a matter of particular pride for us, the repositories of this great spiritual heritage.
In the process of its formation and development, the Tajik language has passed through a very difficult and sometimes tough pathway. It was many times subject to tests by the history and has overcomechallenges with honor.In today’s period of independence and theestablishment of national state, it fulfills its missionwith high dignity as one of the main pillars of statehood and a factor of unity and cohesion of society.
On 22 July 1989, the10thSession of the Supreme Council of Tajikistan has adopted Language Act.However, some of the provisions and norms of thisact officially recognized at that time,after twenty yearsdid not fully meet the growing needs of the society of our independent country.Therefore, in order to protect and develop our native language, there wasa need to develop and adopt a new language act.With this in mind, on 5 October 2009, The Law onState Language of Tajikistan was signed. This date was officially declared as the State Language Day and included into the list of state and national holidays.I sincerely congratulate the glorious people of Tajikistan, the foreign compatriots and participants of today’s event on the State LanguageDay.
 
Dear Friends!
 
The State Language Act determines the legal status and scope of the use of language, and it regulates the prospect of its development during the period of state independence in the context of radical political, economic, social and cultural changes,. This act acknowledged the Tajik language as the language of governance, legislation, business administrationand communication.Therefore, all ministries and agencies, organizations and institutions, state executive authorities of regions, cities and districts of the country are obliged to ensure the implementation of the requirements of this act in all areas, as well as to make efforts aimed at respecting norms and steady development of this poetic language.
We must continuously strive to strengthen the state language, try to enrich its vocabulary and strengthen its role in all spheres of society.
Learning and mastering this poetic and sweet-spoken language, taking care of its development and ubiquitous spread is the duty of every educated, patriotic member of our society and all its speakers.
I have to note thatdue to the lack of control by the regulatory authorities, some ministries, agencies, organizations and institutions, as well as state executive authorities of regions, cities and districts do not fully enforcethe requirements and provisions of the language act. There are still shortcomings in this direction, which we need to overcome.
The analysis shows that relevant ministries and agencies, for unknown reasons, did not implement some provisions of the State Language Development Program’ for 2012-2016.
In particular, theactivities in the field of development and publication of the Tajik Language Encyclopedia, which the Ministry of Culture and the Main Scientific Editorial Board of the National Tajik Encyclopediawere tasked with, are yet to be completed.
Also, to strengthen the frameworkof the state language, the Committee on Language and Terminology in cooperation with the Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Education and Science should develop and present to the Government a relevant "State Language Development Program for 2020-2030”.
At the same time, we must attach a serious importance to the development, regulation and identity of terms as an important issue towards the development of the state language.
At this time of unprecedented development of science and technology, the development of terms or terminology as a language-enhancing factor in our society is gaining importance ever.
Creation of a scientific language is impossible without the development and regulation of the terminology of various fields of science and bringing the language in line with norms.Therefore, it is necessary to make use of the Tajik language to expand thematic term developmentpolitical, economic, information, legal and other areas.
In order to preserve the purity of the language during the use of terminology, it is necessary to take into account the capacity of stable elements of the state language and reasonable tested adoption in a balanced form.
We must refrain from inappropriateborrowing and adapt borrowed terms to the nature of the language, bring it in line with the grammar and orthographic structure and the phonetics of the languages.
Though,NationalTerm Convergence Council of the Committee on Language and Terminology was established to regulate this issue, and this councilconducted a number of studies and provided its recommendations, but serious difficulties still remain to this day.In particular, lack of consistencyis observed to some extent in this direction, various terms and words are used to express a concept, which misleads the reader of publications and listeners of programs.
The Committee on Language and Terminology together with the Academy of Sciences, ministries of education and science, and culture needto take additional measures to develop, apply and implement uniform terms.
Therefore, it is necessary for the Committee on Language and Terminology to take additional measures to develop, adopt and implement equable terms together with the Academy of Sciences, the ministries of education and science, and culture.
While developing terminological recommendations, special attention should be paid to the dialects of the Tajik language, which are a treasure that nourishes and enriches the language.
Dialects of our people have thousands of beautiful sonorous and informative Tajik words that, for various reasons, have gone out of use.The primary task of linguists and folklore specialists is to find such words in the course of scientific research and exploration studies and to strive for their introduction into the literary language.
Most new words included in the Tajik language dictionary emerged as a result of the development and achievements of the contemporary world.In other words, the process of globalization, the accelerated development of science and technology, including information and communication technologies, the vitalization of social networks, as well as the interaction of cultures and civilizations in the contemporary world also affect the state language and create artificial obstacles to its natural development.Therefore, it is important to make sure the nationalization of the language of new technologies in the country is at the center of attention of relevant agencies and institutions.
For example, negative influence of the disagreementsin some aspects of the Tajik language spelling, which is the determining tool of the written language, is visible in "Spelling Tajik words" software, and this issue is yet to be addressed.
To address this and other issues, it is primarily necessary to eliminate and correct the serious omissions and ambiguities that are observed in the Tajik language orthography rules. Hence, the uncertainty in the Tajik language orthography rules, the vagueness and ambiguity of most of its aspects cause unnecessary disputes and discussions and adversely affect the level of education of the people, especially the growing generation and youth.
Given this situation, the Academy of Sciences, sectorial academies, the Committee on Language and Terminology, the Ministry of Education and Science, the Union of Writers and the relevant institutions of the Executive Office of the President need to submit to the Government by January 2020, for approval, the Tajik language Orthography Rules, taking into account the existing shortcomings and difficulties.
Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature also needs to improve OrthographicDictionary by involving specialists of the field and publish itby the second half of 2020.
Our linguist scholars should remember that the Tajik language spelling rules are not only for scientists, but they are also a practical guide, the purpose of which is to improve the level of education of the people, and therefore it should be clear and understandable to all members of society.Therefore, we are obliged to resolve this important for our society issue in an appropriate manner and put an end to it by building on the norms of our rich language.
In this regard, I want to emphasize one question that I pointed out earlier.It is high time for us to create the “Academic Grammar of the Tajik Language”, which was a handbook entitled “Language Guidance” or “General Guides on Language”in the past. The grammardeveloped 40-50 years ago, now does not meet the requirements of science and current society.
One of the reasons for confusion and discrepancy in Tajik orthography is the lack of a new language manual and reliance on the old grammar.Therefore, given the factthat the previously written grammar in not in line with the requirements of present time and realities,the Academy of Sciences needs to present a specific and accurate program.
Another important issue related to the latest technologies is developing an electronic catalogue of all Tajik words based on ancient and contemporary sources and inserting them into a software.
In order to ensure quick access to the primary sources, it is necessary to introduce an electronic version of well-known dictionaries such as “Lugati Force”, “Burhoniqote”, “Ghiyos-ul-lughot”, “FarhangiJahongiree”, “FarhangiRashidee”, “BahoriAjam”, “FarhangiOnandroj”, “FarhangiZaboniTojiki”, “Lughatnova” ofAliakbarDehkhudo and other thematic dictionaries into a softwarebased on current Tajik graphic.The Committee on Language and Terminology, the Academy of Sciences, other line academies, ministries of education and science, culture and the Main Scientific Editorial Office of the Tajik National Encyclopedia need to take appropriate measures to address these issues.
Ladies and Gentlemen!
The revival of Tajik national names, their alignmentwith geographical place names is one of the pressing issues of our language policy.For the revival of ancient Tajik names and their proper use according to the norms of national word-making, by building on the meaningful traditions of our people, the Government of the country approved the "Catalogue of National Tajik Names" and determined the rules for choosing national names.
The aim of the Catalogue is to revive spiritual values and priceless historical and national cultural heritage, as well as traditional Tajik country names.The Catalogue takes into account national values and the Tajik culture of naming.
However, the officials in chargeof this issuein villages, jamoats, civil registration authorities, who still apply old name-giving methods, still show irresponsible attitude.
I have to note that some parents are dismissive of this issue and give their children defective names or names that are alien to our national traditions of naming.
People say: "Beautiful name is half of the beauty."
I have to recall that the national essence in the name of a person is a positive factor in the formation of a person and a sense of his self-knowledge and self-awareness.
Let me remind you that worshiping to alien traditionsin giving name alienates future generations from historical primordially, weakens their feelings of self-awareness and national mentality, which is unacceptable at all.
The Ministry of Justice and the Committee on Language and Terminology together with the relevant agencies need to take this issue under a serious control. They also have todevelop and submit to the Government of the country a concrete proposal for introducing necessary amendments and additions to legal and regulatory documents.Also, a number of shortcomings and errors in this Catalogue require correction; it is necessary to eliminatethem in the new version.
Along with the streamlining of names, the streamlining of the titles of neighborhoods, villages, cities and regions is also one of the very sensitive issues, because geographical toponyms are a live history of all languages, including our native one.It is necessary to preserve purely national geographical toponyms, and to restore the original names of neighborhoods and localitiesthat were changed for various reasons.
Renaming someprovinces and districts like Soughd, Khatlon, Bokhtar, Rudaki, Istaravshan, Rasht, Saykhun and Jaihun and hundreds of others with their ancient names on the political map of our country connect our glorious past with the present day, and the present  with the future, and it plays a huge role in the revival of historical memory and the expansion of the framework of national self-knowledge and self-awareness of our people.However, there is still a lot of work to be done along this path.
Even now, commissions in some cities and regions of the country, while choosing titles, do not take into account historical and geographical features, as well as the occupation of residents of newly created settlements and villages.
Another issue of concern regarding the names of cities, districts and villages of the country is related to the names of great personalities and dignitaries. In this regard, it is necessary to respect the traditional rules in giving titles to localities.
The Committee on Language and Terminology needs, in cooperation with other institutions and agencies, and with the help of specialists, to take urgent and serious measures in this direction, to identify and submit for approval by the Government of the country the Tajik synonyms for the names of localities and natural boundaries to be renamed.
We can be proud and honored that thanks to great merit, selfless work, and the incomparable exploits of the glorious sons of the Tajik people starting fromIsmoiliSomoni and Rudaki to Ayni and BobojonGafurov, the Tajik language has survived to the present in its original form with a rich treasure of beautiful and caressing words and expressions.We can proudly say that the Samanids’ dynasty played a key role in the preservation, consolidation and invincibility of our nation and language.
The inexhaustible patriotism and firm desire of the Samanids to preserve the language created afoundation for the Tajik language to gain unprecedented power and unprecedented development during their reign, created favorable conditions for the emergence of literature and culture that conquered the world, the influence of which continues to this day.
Thanks to the Samanid dynasty that the unique talents of such geniuses as Abuabdullo Rudaki, Abumansur Dakiki, Abulkosim Firdavsi, Abuali ibni Sino, Abulqosim Unsuri, Aburaihon Berunee, Omar Khayyam, NosirKhusrav, SaadiShirazi (Shaikh Saadi), JaloliddinBalkhi, Mawlanā Jami and others who have strengthened and elevated our native language to the highest level with a highly artistic word in poetry and introduced accurate assertion in science.
At the same time, on the instructions of the wise and forward-lookingSamanid emirs, many religious and other books were written, which laid the foundation and created favorable conditions for the acquisition of the Tajik language as a second language in the Islamic world, and in the following centuries to become the language of international communication.
Tajik language hasbeen used for thousand years in writing scientific works. Our greatest scientists – Abualiibni Sino’s “Donishnoma-i 'ala'i" (The Book of Scientific Knowledge), and AburayhonBeruni works’ "Kitob-ut-tafhim" and "Osor-ul-boqia" became the founders of the Tajik scientific language, and this patriotic tradition was then continued by such famous scientists as NasiruddinTusi, Omar Khayyam, Ahmad Donish and others.
Bringing the Tajik language to the level of a contemporary scientific language is very important, which I spoke about many times.
Nowadays, the power and strength of each language is expressed in the presentation of scientific assertion, accurate and clear transmission of various scientific concepts and terms. The future of language largely depends on its application and use in science.We need to make a united effort to ensure that our state language keeps pace with the times and develops to the level of a scientific language.
At our initiative, the State Commission for Academic Degrees and Titles under the Office of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan started its activities, which established a ground for writing scientific monographs in all fields of science in Tajik. It is necessary for our scientists, scholars and researchers to write their research papers in the state language. I believe that this patriotic initiative will bring the desired results for the strengthening and empowerment of the Tajik language in the scientific field.
Those, who have graduated from higher education institutions in Russian and English and draftedtheir dissertations in these languages,are permitted to defend their theses in these languages. Because these languages are the languages of science and international communication, and knowledge of them is of a great importance.
In the current civilized world, six active languages of international communication are recognized as the official languages of the United Nations, and we must advise the young generation to learn them so that we can protect our national state interests in these languages in authoritative world organizations.
 
Dear Participants!
The language of each nation is indeed a mirror of its life, customs, traditions, knowledge and culture. In this sense, language as the primary and fundamental element of statehood plays an extremely important role -we can say - fateful role in the process of formation and building of a national state.
We must always remember that the Tajik language in the millennial history of our nation has been the most important factor in the unity of the nation. We are proud that our mother tongue, in the period of independence is still honorably fulfilling this historical mission and its life-changing role.
In the complex and contradictory conditions of the contemporary world, the sun would shine brightly for the nations who gained independence, and create their state and develop their own fateon their own.
We should be filled with feelings of gratitude for the happiness and priceless blessing after a thousand years has again come to us, Tajiks, and in the rays of this happiness, we, along with other states of the planet, independently carry out our domestic and foreign policies.
It isthe State Independence that created favorable conditions and great opportunities for the Tajik language to resonate again and revive. In turn, the Tajik language as an important pillar of national statehood ensured the unity and solidarity of our people throughout the country. Today, the native language inspires us to day-to-day efforts, the achievements of our people are personified in it and presented to the world.
I always emphasize that nowadays, every educated person, especially young people, along with excellent knowledge of their mother tongue should speak at least three to four foreign languages, including Russian and English, which is a requirement of the contemporary world. At the same time, we need to bear in mind that in our foreign policy we pursue an “open door” policy and have established diplomatic relations with 160 countries of the world. This obliges us to encourage young generation to learn foreign languages.
Our ancestors pointed out the importance of knowledge of foreign languages:
“If you know three hundred languages,
This is not the limit.
All will fit someday
It’s good when there are a lot of arrows in the quiver.”
I would like tonote with satisfaction that the number of young people, who study and and speak foreign languages, has significantly increased in recent years.It is very important that the study of foreign languages is based on laws, rules and norms of the Tajik literary language, that’s why it is important primarily to master our native language andbased on comparisonwith its rules, explore foreign languages. Our wise and forward-looking ancestors also proved to what extent this saying is important:
“Proficient you are in your own language,
Easily you can learn hundreds of other languages.”
Learning foreign languages and at the same time neglecting the native one is a sign of lack of culture and disrespect for the nation and Motherland, its history and culture. First of all, parents are responsible to preventthis from happening, they should do everything to prevent such an unseemly phenomenon. We must strive to ensure that our children first learn their native language, honor it and then begin to study foreign languages.
Masteringour state language and not spoiling it by mixing other languages, especially in verbal, is one of our most important tasks.Unfortunately, the wrong expression and spelling, the confusion of the literary language with dialects, rarely used words, especially when it comes to colloquial speech, still exists, which is a matter of concern.
Ihaveto note that in recent years the level of communication culture of adolescents and young people has worsened, and in public areas, including parks and squares, public transport, in palaces and houses of culture, rude and obscene words and expressions are heard, which is alien to our culture, traditions and habits.
We must regularly and to the extent possible, carry out awareness raising and educational activitiesfor adolescents and youth in order to prevent damage to high Tajik culture and morality, in other words, the heritage of our great ancestors.
In this regard, ministries of education and science, culture, the interior, committees for youth and sports, women and family affairs, religious affairs, regulation of traditions and customs, television and radio broadcasting, other central and local governmental authorities, as well as parentsare obliged to strengthen outreach and educational work among adolescents and youth for the sake of a greater affirmation of high morality and ethics, respect for culture and good national traditions.
Unfortunately, the level of eloquence, knowledge of poetry and reading books of adolescents and youth is also of concern today. During our meetings with teenagers and youth we had repeatedly been convinced that they do not strive enough for gaining knowledge, they are not interested in literature, not well aware of creation of classic and contemporary writers, they do not keep in memory specific historical and cultural dates and neglect studying natural and hard sciences.
Therefore, the Ministry of education and science and other authorities with educational institutions within their structures are instructed at all levels of education, regardless of their form of ownership, as well as during summer and winter holidays to arrange reading of scientific and imaginative literature for the purpose of strengthening memory of schoolchildren and students toensure mastering poetic and prose texts to establish essential norms and requirements.
The executive authorities in districts, cities and regions together with parent associations need to strengthen the control on educational institutions and take measures for motivation of teachers and students.   
Beautiful Tajik words and expressions should be usedin the process of upbringing young generation-promoters of the future of our language from the early age.
I have to mention that, in the process of enriching Tajik language, increasing people’s taste to eloquence and preventing of mispronunciation and spelling, the mass media plays a significant role. I highlighted this issue at the meeting with the wide range of representatives of the state mass media this year.
I have to recall that some newspapers and magazines still do not follow the orthographic rules in their publications. Such a situationis often observed at the TV and radio broadcasts, and all stakeholders and TV and radio staff should make efforts to fix it.
At the time when newspapers, magazines, TV and radio channels can and should make decent input in strengthening and improvement of Tajik language and the scope of its use, in most cases the simple shades of the state language are not taken in to account.   
I would like to recall that TV and radio broadcasts are watched and listened not only within the territory of the country, but beyond that. In the status of official and state language, nowadays Tajik language is widely used not only in domestic offices’activities and communication, but also in foreign and international relations.  
However, it should be noted that the experience of the past ten years in practical implementation of the Law on state language of the Republic of Tajikistan shows that taking into account the systematic development of the country, there is a need to make amendments and additions to it.     
The implementation of the law revealed that many of its articles have gaps.  Many issues in various socio-political, cultural, scientific and other areas were out of sight or were not published in a proper way, which requires consideration and resolution.
 
Dear Compatriots!
The state language is one of the main pillars of national statehood,it plays an important role in strengthening and stability of the national state.Therefore, we have declared the state language in Tajikistan as a guarantee of the existence of the nation and the strengthening of the state. This ancient, originally pure language is an invaluable wealth and one of our national shrines.
We, native speakers, owe to future generations for its preservation and purity and must honor and protect it as an incomparable national value, benefit from all the opportunities for its further development and strengthening.
Our filial duty and human destiny is to cherish and love our sweet-voiced and poetic mother tongue as our mother, who gave birth to us and breathed love into us with lullaby song and pure and life-giving milk. Therefore, we must protect it and bow down before it as before the most valuable wealth of our being.
With pride and a sense of loyalty to the native language, I sincerely congratulate the glorious people of Tajikistan on the occasion of the Day of the State Language and wish every resident of our beloved Motherland success, new achievements and accomplishments towards service for protection and developmentof the state language.
Be always prosperous and succeed in all your endeavors, dear compatriots!

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Television message regarding the Day of national language (October 5, 2017)

Ҳайати тадорукот's picture
Submitted by Ҳайати тадорукот on 5 November, 2017 - 20:43
Президенти Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон Эмомалӣ Раҳмон

Ҳамватанони азиз!

Ҳамаи шуморо ба ифтихори Рӯзи забони давлатӣ, яъне забони шоиронаву шевои тоҷикӣ, ки онро султони суханварони Аҷам устод Рӯдакӣ «тараббахши рӯҳу фараҳафзои ҷон» номидааст, самимона табрик мегӯям.

Забони тоҷикӣ мероси бузурги ниёгони некноми мо бо вуҷуди мушкилоту монеаҳои зиёд ҳамчун риштаи пайванди насл ба насли миллат аз ҳазорсолаҳои дур то давлати соҳибистиқлоли тоҷикон омада расидааст ва решаҳои умри миллатамонро оби ҳаётбахш додааст.

Бинобар ин, арҷгузорӣ ба забони давлатӣ, ки ҳамчун рукни муҳимтарини ҳастии миллат, пойдевори асосии давлатдорӣ ва фарҳангу маънавиёти халқамон нақши барҷаста дорад, вазифаи инсониву виҷдонии ҳар як фарди бонангу номус ба ҳисоб меравад.

Забони давлатӣ, дар ҳақиқат, таҷассумгари таърихи пуршебу фарози миллати бостонии тоҷик мебошад.

Маҳз ба ҳамин хотир, мо забонро мисли истиқлолият, Ватан, Модар ва фарҳанг аз ҷумлаи муқаддасоти миллии худ мешуморем ва онро азизу гиромӣ медорем.

Воқеан, ҳувияти миллӣ, фарҳанг ва ойину суннатҳои мардуми бостонии мо дар ҳама давру замонҳо тавассути забон ҳифз мегардад.

Забон, инчунин, воситаи муқтадири сарҷамъии миллат ва ҳамаи онҳоест, ки дар гӯшаҳои гуногуни олам ҳастии ин сарвати бебаҳоро пос медоранд.

Таърих бисёр мисолҳоро медонад, ки дар баробари аз байн рафтани забон миллат низ аз байн меравад.

Яъне бақои забон бақои миллат ва фанои забон фанои миллат аст.

Ёдгориҳои тамаддуни чандинҳазорсолаи ориёӣ маҳз ба воситаи забони шево ва пурғановати тоҷикӣ ва қаринаҳои бостониву аҳди миёнаи он то замони мо расида, дастраси оламиён гардидаанд, ки ин ҳам боиси ифтихори ворисони ин тамаддуни қадима ва ҳам масъулияти бузурги онҳо дар назди гузашта ва имрӯзу оянда мебошад.

Тоҷикон дар миёни халқу миллатҳои сершумори олам аз ҷумлаи мардумони соҳибтамаддуне мебошанд, ки забони чандинҳазорсоларо маҳфуз доштаанд, шеъри оламгири Рӯдакӣ, Фирдавсӣ, Носири Хусрав, Саноӣ, Ҷалолиддини Балхӣ ва садҳо шоирону адибони гузаштаро имрӯз низ озодона мефаҳманд ва дар гуфтугӯи ҳаррӯзаашон истифода мекунанд.

Забони тоҷикӣ бо дарназардошти собиқаи тӯлонии таърихӣ ва захираи бузурги луғавӣ ва дар мақоми забони давлатӣ дар асри ҷаҳонишавӣ низ метавонад иқтидори пешинаи худро ҳифз намояд.

Аз ин рӯ, ба муҳаққиқони забоншинос, зиёиён ва умуман, ҳар шахсе, ки тақдири забон барояш азиз мебошад, зарур аст, ки забони тоҷикиро ҳамчун забони дорои таърих ва осори беназир аз сели вожаҳои иқтибосӣ, ки имрӯз тавассути технологияҳои навин ва молу маҳсулоти хориҷӣ ба тамоми забонҳо ворид шуда истодаанд, ҳифз намоянд ва дар поку беолоиш нигоҳ доштану ба наслҳои оянда ба мерос гузоштани он саҳми ватандӯстонаи худро гузоранд.

Зеро ворид шудани вожаҳои иқтибосӣ боиси маҳдуд гардидани муҳиту майдони истифодаи калимаҳои худӣ, камранг шудани симои миллии забони давлатии мо ва коҳиш ёфтани фасоҳату балоғати он мегардад.

Дар баробари ин, хотирнишон месозам, ки бо пешрафти илму техника ва технология забон низ бояд рушд кунад.

Яъне забони давлатӣ бо ҳифзи асолат ва чеҳраи миллии худ бояд ҳамқадами замони муосир бошад.

Ҳамзамон бо ин, таъкид менамоям, ки ҳифз намудану гиромӣ доштани суннатҳои ниёгон, аз ҷумла фарҳанги миллӣ, ки забон ва либоси миллӣ, инчунин, номгузорӣ ба фарзандон ва эҳёи номҳои ҷуғрофӣ, ки ойинаи таърихи халқу кишварамон ва василаи пайванди имрӯз бо гузашта мебошанд, бояд ба одати ҳаррӯзаи мо табдил ёбад.

Дар ин раванд, зарур аст, ки ба масъалаи сайқал додани фарҳанги муошират бо забони давлатӣ, аз ҳар гуна унсурҳои ғайри қобили қабул поку бегазанд нигоҳ доштани он, инчунин, дар қалбу зеҳни наврасону ҷавонон бедор намудани ҳисси эҳтиром ба забони модарӣ аз ҷумлаи вазифаҳои муҳимтарин ва доимии ҳар шахси соҳибватан мебошад.

Боиси ифтихор аст, ки мардуми хирадманду фарҳангдӯсти мо забони модарии хешро ҳамеша гиромӣ дошта, онро дар баробари дигар муқаддасоти миллӣ, хотираи таърихӣ ва нангу номус ҳифз мекунанд.

Итминон дорам, ки ин амал чун ҷузъи муҳимтарини зиндагии ҳаррӯзаи афроди миллат дар оянда низ вусъат пайдо хоҳад кард.

Бори дигар ҳамаи шумо, ҳамватанони азизро ба ифтихори Рӯзи забони давлатӣ самимона табрик гуфта, ба ҳар фарди Ватан сарбаландиву хонаободӣ ва ба забони ширину шоиронаи тоҷикӣ ҳамчун забони давлати соҳибистиқлоли тоҷикон умри ҷовидон орзу менамоям.

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Law of the Republic of Tajikistan «About the State Language of the Republic of Tajikistan»

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Submitted by Ҳайати тадорукот on 1 May, 2018 - 16:48

 ЗАКОН РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН О ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОМ ЯЗЫКЕ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН

(Ахбори Маджлиси Оли Республики Таджикистан, 2009 год, №9-10, ст.546)

Принят Постановлением Маджлиси намояндагон Маджлиси Оли Республики Таджикистан от 1 октября 2009 г., № 1395 (Ахбори Маджлиси Оли Республики Таджикистан, 2009 г., № 9-10, ст. 571)

Одобрен Постановлением Маджлиси милли Маджлиси Оли Республики Таджикистан от 3 октября 2009 г., № 687 (Ахбори Маджлиси Оли Республики Таджикистан, 2009 г., № 9-10, ст. 561)

Настоящий Закон определяет правовой статус государственного языка и регулирует его применение в Республике Таджикистан.

ГЛАВА 1. ОБЩИЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ

Статья 1. Задачи настоящего Закона

1. Настоящий Закон регулирует применение государственного языка и других языков в деятельности органов государственной власти, органов самоуправления поселков и сел, а также юридических лиц, независимо от организационно-правовых форм, дехканских (фермерских) хозяйств и индивидуальных предпринимателей.

2. Настоящий Закон не регулирует использование языков в личных отношениях.

Статья 2. Законодательство Республики Таджикистан о государственном языке Республики Таджикистан

Законодательство Республики Таджикистан о государственном языке Республики Таджикистан основывается на Конституции Республики Таджикистан и состоит из настоящего Закона, других нормативных правовых актов, а также международных правовых актов, признанных Таджикистаном.

Статья 3. Государственный язык Республики Таджикистан

1. Государственным языком Республики Таджикистан является таджикский язык.

2. Каждый гражданин Республики Таджикистан обязан знать государственный язык.

3. Республика Таджикистан обеспечивает применение, защиту и развитие государственного языка.

4. Органы государственной власти, органы самоуправления поселков и сел, а также юридические лица, независимо от организационно-правовых форм, обязаны создавать благоприятные условия для изучения государственного языка и совершенствования его знанияработниками.

5. Государственный язык применяется во всех сферах политической, социальной, экономической, научной и культурной жизни Республики Таджикистан.

6. При применении государственного языка обязательно соблюдение положений правил орфографии литературного языка.

Статья 4. Другие языки

1. Все нации и народности, проживающие на территории Республики Таджикистан, вправе свободно пользоваться своим родным языком, за исключением случаев, предусмотренных настоящим Законом.

2. Республика Таджикистан создает условиядлясвободногоприменения, защиты и развития бадахшанских (памирских) языков и ягнобского языка.

ГЛАВА 2. РАБОЧИЙ ЯЗЫК ОРГАНОВ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ВЛАСТИ

Статья 5. Язык делопроизводства

Делопроизводство законодательных, исполнительных и судебных органов в Республике Таджикистан осуществляется на государственном языке.

Статья 6. Язык нормативных правовых актов

Нормативные правовые акты Республики Таджикистан разрабатываются и принимаются на государственном языке. В предусмотренных законодательством случаях нормативные правовые акты переводятся на другие языки.

Статья 7. Рабочий язык Вооружённых Сил Республики Таджикистан

1. Рабочим языком Вооружённых Сил Республики Таджикистан, воинских частей и их подразделений является государственный язык.

2. В совместных учениях с иностранными государствами используется также и другой установленный язык.

ГЛАВА 3. ЯЗЫК СФЕР ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ, НАУКИ, КУЛЬТУРЫ И СРЕДСТВ МАССОВОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИИ

Статья 8. Язык обучения

1. В Республике Таджикистанобучение осуществляется на государственном языке.

2. Дошкольные учреждения, учреждения общего, начального и среднего профессионального, высшего профессионального, послевузовского профессионального образования могут осуществлять деятельность на других языках.

3. Для всех наций и народностей Республики Таджикистан создаются условия для свободного выбора языка обучения в соответствии с законодательством.

Статья 9. Изучение государственного языка в образовательных учреждениях

1. В дошкольных учреждениях, учреждениях начального профессионального, среднего профессионального, высшего профессионального, послевузовского профессионального образования обеспечивается обязательное обучение государственному языку.

2. В иностранных учреждениях среднего и высшего профессионального образования, осуществляющих свою деятельность в Республике Таджикистан, независимо от организационно-правовых форм, изучение государственного языка является обязательным.

3. В Республике Таджикистан создаются условия для изучения письма на основе арабской графики и издания литературы на этом письме.

Статья 10. Язык науки

1. В Республике Таджикистан языком науки является государственный язык.

2. В научных исследованиях могут использоваться и другие языки.

Статья 11. Язык культурных мероприятий

1. В Республике Таджикистан культурные мероприятия проводятся на государственном языке.

2. Международные и межгосударственные мероприятия в Республике Таджикистан проводятся на государственном языке и надругих языках.

Статья 12. Язык средств массовой информации

В Республике Таджикистан средства массовой информации осуществляют свою деятельность на государственном языке и других языках в соответствии с законодательством Республики Таджикистан.

Статья 13. Язык объявлений и реклам

1. В Республике Таджикистан объявления и рекламы распространяются на государственном языке.

2. Объявления и рекламы могут распространяться в соответствии с законодательством Республики Таджикистан и на других языках.

Статья 14. Язык информации и коммуникации

Языком информации и коммуникации Республики Таджикистан является государственный язык.

В Республике Таджикистан создаются благоприятные условия для использования государственного языка в информационно-коммуникационных технологиях.

Статья 15. Содействие защите и развитию таджикского языка за пределами республики

Республика Таджикистан содействует защите и развитию таджикского языка за пределами республики на основе международных правовых актов, признанных Таджикистаном.

ГЛАВА 4. ЯЗЫК ДЕЛОПРОИЗВОДСТВА ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ

Статья 16. Язык делопроизводства организаций

Делопроизводство организаций, функционирующих на территории Республики Таджикистан, осуществляется на государственном языке. Другие языки используются в соответствии с законодательством Республики Таджикистан.

Статья 17. Язык переписки

1. Организации, осуществляющие свою деятельность на территории Республики Таджикистан, в переписке с органами государственной власти и органами самоуправления поселков и сел, а также с гражданами используют государственный язык.

2. Переписка с международными организациями осуществляется на государственном и на том языке, который установлен.

ГЛАВА 5. ЯЗЫК НАИМЕНОВАНИЙ

Статья 18. Наименование организаций

1. Присвоение наименований органам государственной власти, министерствам и ведомствам, а также другим организациям, независимо от организационно-правовых форм, осуществляется на государственном языке.

2. Все транспаранты и вывески в Республике Таджикистан пишутся на государственном языке.

3. Наименования иностранных и совместных организаций также могут быть переведены и на другие языки.

Статья 19. Наименование местностей

1. Присвоение наименований, переименование областей, городов, районов, поселков, сел других населенных пунктов, а также улиц, проспектов, площадей, парков культуры осуществляются на государственном языке в порядке, установленном законодательством Республики Таджикистан.

2. Республика Таджикистан обеспечивает восстановление и защиту исторических наименований местностей на территории республики.

Статья 20. Язык реквизитов и визуальной информации

1. Тексты печатей и штампов органов государственной власти пишутся на государственном языке.

2. Тексты печатей и штампов организаций, независимо от организационно-правовых форм, дехканских (фермерских) хозяйств и индивидуальных предпринимателей пишутся на государственном языке.

3. Тексты бланков, ценников и другой визуальной информации излагаются на государственном языке и в отношениях с иностранными организациями могут быть переведены на другие языки.

Статья 21. Язык текста ценных бумаг

Ценные бумаги в Республике Таджикистан издаются на государственном языке.

ГЛАВА 6. ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ЯЗЫКА В МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХОТНОШЕНИЯХ

Статья 22. Язык переговоров и переписки

Переговоры и переписка с дипломатическими представительствами и консульскими учреждениями, международными, региональными и межгосударственными организациями, действующими в Республике Таджикистан, осуществляются на государственном языке и официальных языках этих организаций. При необходимости, на переговорах и в переписке использование других языков не ограничивается.

Статья 23. Язык деятельности дипломатических представительств, консульских учреждений и иностранных представительств Республики Таджикистан в иностранных государствах, международных, региональных и межгосударственных организациях

Деятельность дипломатических представительств, консульских учреждений и иностранных представительств Республики Таджикистан в международных, региональных и межгосударственных организациях осуществляется на государственном языке, официальных языках страны пребывания и международных, региональных, межгосударственных организаций.

Статья 24. Язык международных договоров

Двусторонние международные договоры составляются на межгосударственных и государственных языках договаривающихся сторон, а многосторонние договоры подписываются на языках, оговоренных сторонами.

Статья 25. Язык приёмов, переговоров и пресс-конференций с иностранными представителями

Приёмы, переговоры и пресс-конференции с участием представителей иностранных государств в Республике Таджикистан проводятся на государственном языке и на языке, оговоренном сторонами.

ГЛАВА 7. ЗАКЛЮЧИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ

Статья 26. Ответственность за нарушение требований настоящего Закона

Должностные лица, а также физические и юридические лица, нарушающие требования настоящего Закона, привлекаются к ответственности в соответствии с законодательством Республики Таджикистан.

Статья 27. О признании утратившим силу Закона Республики Таджикистан «О языке»

Признать утратившим силу Закон Республики Таджикистан от 22 июля 1989 года «О языке» (Ведомости Верховного Совета Республики Таджикистан, 1989 г., № 15, ст. 102).

Статья 28. Порядок введения в действие настоящего Закона

Настоящий Закон ввести в действие после его официального опубликования.

Президент

Республики Таджикистан Эмомали Рахмон

г. Душанбе, 5 октября 2009 года,

№ 553 __________________________

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Working days and Reception days

Ҳайати тадорукот's picture
Submitted by Ҳайати тадорукот on 30 April, 2018 - 20:39

WORKING DAYS

Monday - Friday: from 08:00 till 17:00

Суббота: from 09:00 till 12:00

RECEPTION DAYS

Chairperson of the Committee:

Tuesday: from 14:00 till 16:00

Thursday: from 14:00 till 16:00

Saturday: from 09:00 till 12:00 regarding the defined schedule

Deputy of Chairperson of the Committee:

Wednesday: from 14:00 till 16:00

Friday: from 14:00 till 16:00

Saturday: from 09:00 till 12:00 regarding the defined schedule

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Constitution (Basic Law) of the Republic of Tajikistan

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Submitted by Ҳайати тадорукот on 29 April, 2018 - 22:29
Constitution (Basic Law) of the Republic of Tajikistan
Constitution (Basic Law) of the Republic of Tajikistan
 
The Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan was adopted on 6 November 1994 and amended two times, in September 26, 1999 and June 22, 2003. The Constitution has the highest legal power, direct application (Article 10) and supremacy on the whole territory of Tajikistan. The Constitution proclaims the establishment of a democratic, legal, secular and unitary State (Article 1), where the State power is based on the principle of separation of powers (Article 9). As the fundamental law of the State, the Constitution defines the structure of the government, basic rights, liberties and responsibilities of its citizens, as well as the powers of the legislative, executive and judicial branches.
The bicameral Supreme Assembly (the parliament) adopts constitutional laws (Article 61), laws (Article 60) and resolutions (Articles 56-57), while the President adopts decrees and orders (Article 70) and the Cabinet of Ministers (the highest body of the executive branch) adopts resolutions and orders (Article 74).
 
PREAMBLE
 
WE, THE PEOPLE OF TAJIKISTAN,
 
as an inseparable part of the world community; 
recognize our responsibility and duty before past, present, and future generations; 
understanding the necessity of providing the sovereignty, and development of our state; 
asserting human rights and liberties; 
recognizing the equality of rights and friendship of all nationalities and 
peoples; 
make our aim to built the just society; 
 
HEREBY ADOPT AND DECLARE THIS CONSTITUTION. 
 
CHAPTER ONE 
 
THE FUNDAMENTALS OF THE 
CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM 
 
Article 1. The Republic of Tajikistan shall be a sovereign, democratic, law-based, secular, and unitary state. 
Being social oriented state Tajikistan shall provide relevant living conditions for every person. 
The names "Republic of Tajikistan" and "Tajikistan" shall be equivalent. 
 
Article 2. The state language of Tajikistan shall be Tajik. 
Russian shall be the language of international communication. 
All nationalities and peoples living on the territory of the republic shall have the right to use their mother tongue. 
 
Article 3. The state symbols of the Republic of Tajikistan shall be the Flag, Emblem, and Hymn. 
 
Article 4. The capital of Tajikistan shall be the city of Dushanbe. 
 
Article 5. Man, his rights and liberties shall be the supreme value. 
The life, honor, dignity, and other natural human rights shall be inviolable. 
The rights and liberties of the man and citizens shall be recognized, observed and protected by the state. 
 
Article 6. In Tajikistan the people shall be the bearer of sovereignty and the only source of state power, which provide it directly or through their representatives. 
The public referendum and free elections shall be the supreme direct manifestation of the power of the people. 
The people of Tajikistan, irrespective their nationalities, shall constitute the citizens of Tajikistan. 
No social association, political parties, group of people, or individual shall have the right to usurp state power. 
The usurpation of power or appropriation its powers shall be prohibited. 
Only the President, the Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon of the Majlisi Oli of the Republic of Tajikistan in their joint session shall have the right to speak on behalf of all the people of Tajikistan. 
 
Article 7. The territory of Tajikistan shall be indivisible and inviolable. 
Tajikistan shall consist of the Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region, regions, towns, districts, settlements, and villages. 
The state shall ensure the sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity of Tajikistan. 
Agitation and actions aimed at disunity of the state shall be prohibited. 
The Constitutional Law shall define the procedure of establishing and changing of administrative and border units. 
 
Article 8. In Tajikistan public life shall be developed on the basis of political and ideological diversity. 
Ideology of any party, social and religious association, movement and a group shall not be recognized as a state ideology. 
Social associations and political parties shall be established and function within the framework of the Constitution and laws. 
Religious organizations shall be separate from the state and shall not interfere in state affairs. 
The establishment and activity of public associations and political parties which encourage racism, nationalism, social and religious enmity, and hatred, as well as advocate the forcible overthrow of the constitutional state structures and the formation of armed groups shall be prohibited. 
 
Article 9. State power shall be exercised on the basis of the separation of the legislative, executive, and judiciary branches. 
 
Article 10. The Constitution of Tajikistan shall have supreme legal force and its norms have direct affect. Laws and other legal acts that contradict the Constitution shall be of no legal validity. 
State and all its bodies, officials, citizens, and their associations shall observe and comply with the Constitution and laws of the republic.
International legal documents recognized by Tajikistan shall be a component part of the legal system of the republic. In case the republican laws do not stipulate to the recognized international legal documents, the rules of the international documents shall apply. 
Laws and international documents recognized by Tajikistan shall come into force after their official publication. 
 
Article 11. Implementing a peaceful policy Tajikistan shall respect the sovereignty and independence of other states of the world and determine its foreign policy on the basis of international norms. 
Agitation of war shall be prohibited. 
Following the supreme interests of the people, Tajikistan shall join the commonwealth and other international organizations and as well as sessions from them, to establish relations with foreign countries. 
The state shall cooperate with compatriots living abroad. 
 
Article 12. The economy of Tajikistan shall be based on various forms of ownership. 
The state shall guarantee freedom of economic activities, entrepreneurship, equality of rights, and the protection of all forms of ownership including private ownership. 
Article 13. Land, its entrails, water, airspace, flora and fauna, and other natural resources shall be owned by the state, and the state guarantee their effective use in the interests of the people. 
 
CHAPTER TWO 
 
RIGHTS, LIBERTIES, BASIC DUTIES OF 
INDIVIDUALS AND CITIZENS 
 
Article 14. The rights and liberties of individual and citizen shall be protected by the Constitution, the laws of the republic, and international legal documents recognized by Tajikistan. 
The rights and liberties of individual and citizen shall be implemented directly. These shall determine the goals, content and effect of the laws, and the application activities of the legislative, executive and local authorities, self-government local bodies and shall be insured by the judiciary. 
The limitation in implementing rights and liberties of citizen shall be allowed only to ensure the rights and liberties of others, public order, and to safeguard the constitutional structure and the territorial integrity of the republic. 
 
Article 15. A citizen of Tajikistan shall be considered the person who become the citizen of the Republic of Tajikistan on the day of adoption of the Constitution. 
Belonging to the citizenship of Tajikistan and the citizenship of another state shall be not recognized, except in cases indicated by law and interstate treaties of Tajikistan. 
The Constitutional Law shall define the procedure for acquiring and forfeiting citizenship. 
 
Article 16. A citizen of Tajikistan outside the country shall be protected by the state. No citizen of the republic shall be extradited to a foreign state. Extradition of a criminal to a foreign state shall be resolved on the basis of mutual agreement. 
Foreign citizens and stateless persons shall enjoy the rights and liberties and have the responsibilities and duties of citizens of Tajikistan except in cases stipulated by law. 
Tajikistan shall offer political asylum to foreign citizens whose human rights are violated. 
 
Article 17. All people shall be equal before the law and the court of law. The state shall guarantee the rights and liberties for every person irrespective of his nationality, race, sex, language, religious beliefs, political persuasion, knowledge, social and property status. 
Men and women shall have equal rights. 
 
Article 18. Everyone shall have the right to life. 
No one shall be deprived of life except by order of the court for especially grave crimes. 
The state shall guarantee the inviolability of a person. No one shall be subjected to torture, punishment, and inhuman treatment. It shall be prohibited to subject a person to forced medical or scientific experiments. 
 
Article 19. Everyone shall be guaranteed judicial protection. Everyone shall be entitled to consider his case by competent, independent, and impartial court established according the law.
No one shall be kept in custody, arrested without a legal basis. Everyone shall be entitled to use the assistance of advocate from the moment of his arrest. 
 
Article 20. No one shall be considered guilty of a crime except by the sentence of a court in accordance with the law. 
No one shall be responsible after the expiry of the term of criminal prosecution as well as for the action, which is in the moment of its perpetration, is not regarded as a crime. No one shall be convicted twice for one and the same crime. 
A law adopted after the commission of an illegal act by a person and that envisages severe punishment for that act shall not be retroactive. If, after the commission of an illegal act a punishment is not envisaged or a light punishment is envisaged, the new law shall be applicable. 
Total confiscation of the property of a convicted person shall be prohibited. 
 
Article 21. The law shall defend the rights of the victim. The state shall guarantee judicial protection and compensation to the victim. 
 
Article 22. The home shall be inviolable. 
It shall be prohibited to enter the home of a person by force and deprive a person of a home except in cases stipulated by law. 
 
Article 23. Everyone shall have the right to privacy of correspondence, telephone conversations and the mail and cable communication, except in cases prescribed by law. 
The collection, storage, utilization and dissemination of information about person's private life without his consent shall be prohibited. 
 
Article 24. A citizen shall have the right of freedom of movement and chose the place of stay, to leave the republic and return back to it. 
 
Article 25. The bodies of states authorities, social associations, political parties and officials shall be obliged to ensure that everyone has the opportunity to access and get documents affecting their rights and interests except in cases prescribed by law. 
 
Article 26. Everyone shall have the right freely to determine his position toward religion, to profess any religion individually or jointly with others or not to profess any and to take part in religious customs and ceremonies. 
 
Article 27. A citizen shall have the right to take part in political life and state administration directly or via his representatives. 
Citizens shall have the equal rights to state service. 
A citizen shall have the right to take part in referendum, to elect from the age of 18 years and also be elected from the age fixed by Constitution, Constitutional laws and laws. 
Persons deemed incompetent by a court or who have been deprived of liberty in accordance with a court sentence shall not have the right to take part in the elections and referendums. 
Constitutional laws and laws shall regulate the procedure of elections. Referendum shall be held in accordance with Constitutional Law 
 
Article 28. Citizens shall have the right to associate. The citizen shall have the right to participate in the creation of political parties, including parties of democratic, religious and atheistic character, trade unions, and other public associations, voluntarily affiliate with them and quite.
The political parties shall promote the forming and expressing of will of people on the base of political pluralism and take part in political life. Their structure and activity shall correspond to the democratic norms. 
Article 29. A citizen shall have the right to take part in the meetings, rallies, demonstrations, and peaceful processions prescribed by law. 
No one shall be forced to take part in these activities. 
 
Article 30. Everyone shall be guaranteed the freedom of speech, publishing and the right to use means of information. 
Propaganda and agitation, kindling the social, race, national, religious and language enmity and hostility shall be prohibited. 
State censorship and prosecution for criticism shall be prohibited. 
Law shall specify the list of information constituting a state secret. 
 
Article 31. The citizens shall have the right to apply to the state authorities personally or jointly with a group of people. 
 
Article 32. Everyone shall have the right to ownership and inheritance. 
No one shall be permitted to suspend and limit the individual's right to ownership. The property of an individual shall be confiscated only on the basis of the law, with the consent of the owner and to meet the requirements of the society by the state on condition of equal compensation. 
Any material and moral damage inflicted on an individual as a result of illegal actions by state bodies, social associations, political parties or individuals shall be compensated at their expense in accordance with the law. 
 
Article 33. The state shall protect the family as the basis of society. 
Everyone shall have the right to form a family. Men and women who have reached the age of marriage shall have the right freely to marry. In marriage and in divorce, husband and wife shall have equal rights. 
Polygamy shall be prohibited. 
 
Article 34. A mother and a child shall be entitled to special care and protection by the state. 
Parents shall be responsible for the upbringing of children, and adult and employable children shall be responsible for care and provision of parents. 
The state shall care for the protection, upbringing, and education of orphaned and invalid children. 
 
Article 35. Everyone shall have the right to work, to choose the profession, job, work protection and social protection during the unemployment. Wages for work shall not be less than the minimum wage. 
Any limitation shall be prohibited in labor relations. Equal wages shall be paid for the same work. 
Forced labor shall not be permitted, except in cases defined by law. 
Using women and children labor shall be prohibited in heavy and underground works and in harmful conditions. 
 
Article 36. Everyone shall have the right to a home. This right shall be ensured by means of construction of state, public, cooperative and private home. 
 
Article 37. Everyone shall have the right to leisure. Establishing working weeks and days, paid annual leaves, weekly days off, and other conditions prescribed by law, shall ensure this right. 
 
Article 38. Everyone shall have the right to health care. Everyone shall enjoy free of charge medical assistance in the state medical establishments, within the framework of law. The state shall take measures aimed at protecting environment, developing mass sport, physical culture, and tourism.
Law shall define other types of medical assistance. 
 
Article 39. Everyone shall be guaranteed social security in old age, in the time of sickness, invalidity and loss of ability to work, or loss of a guardian or other instances prescribed by law. 
 
Article 40. Everyone shall have the right freely to take part in the cultural life of society, artistic, scientific, and technical creation and to use their achievements. 
The state shall protect cultural and spiritual values. 
Law shall protect intellectual property. 
 
Article 41. Everyone shall have the right to education. The basic general education shall be compulsory. The state shall guarantee the free of charge general basic compulsory education in the state educational establishments. 
Everyone shall get free of charge general vocational, primary specialized, vocational specialized and higher specialized education in the state educational establishments, within the framework determined by law. 
Other forms of education shall be determined by law. 
 
Article 42. In Tajikistan everyone shall be obliged to follow the Constitution and the laws and recognize the rights, liberties, dignity and honor of others. 
Ignorance of the law shall not liberate from responsibility. 
 
Article 43. The protection of the homeland, defending the interests of the state, strengthening the independence, security and its defense capabilities shall be the sacred duties of citizens. 
Law shall specify the procedure for military service. 
 
Article 44. The protection of natural, historical and cultural heritage shall be the duties of everyone. 
 
Article 45. Everyone shall be obliged to pay taxes and duties specified by law. 
Laws introducing new taxes or making the situation of the taxpayer difficult shall not have retrospective action. 
 
Article 46. In case of real threat for the rights and liberties of the citizen, independence of the state and its territorial integrity, natural disasters that results amorphous of state and constitutional bodies of the republic unable to act normally as a temporary measure for the safety of citizens and state 
shall be declared a state of emergency. 
The term of a state of emergency shall be up to three months. The President of the Republic of Tajikistan shall prolong this period in necessary circumstances. 
 
Article 47. During the state of emergency the rights and liberties stipulated in articles 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, and 28 of the Constitution shall not be limited. 
The Constitutional Law shall determine the legal regime of the state of emergency. 
 
CHAPTER THREE
 
THE MAJLISI OLI
 
Article 48. Majlisi Oli (the Supreme Assembly) - Parliament of the Republic of Tajikistan shall be the supreme representative and legislative body of the Republic of Tajikistan. 
Majlisi Oli shall consist of two Majlises (Assemblies) - the Majlisi Milli (the National Assembly) and the Majlisi Namoyandagon (the Assembly of Representatives). 
The empowered term of the Majlisi Milli and the Majlisi Namoyandagon shall be 5 years. The Majlisi Mili and Majlisi Namoyandagon of new convocation shall stop the empowered term of the Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon on the day of beginning of its activity. 
The Constitutional Law shall regulate the creation and activity of Majlisi Oli. 
 
Article 49. The Majlisi Namoyandagon shall be elected on the basis of universal, equal, direct suffrage by secret ballot. The Majlisi Namoyandagon shall be permanent and professional Majlis. 
Every citizen of the Republic of Tajikistan no younger than 25 years old and having the higher education diploma shall be elected deputy of Majlisi Namoyandagon. 
Three quarter of the members of Majlisi Milli shall be elected indirectly at the joint meetings of people's deputies of the Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region and towns and districts thereof, regions and towns and districts thereof, city of Dushanbe and districts thereof, towns and districts in the Republican subordination (jointly) by secret ballot. In Majlisi Milli the Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region, regions, city of Dushanbe, towns and districts in the Republican subordination shall have the equal number of representatives. 
The President of the Republic of Tajikistan shall appoint one quarter of the members of the Majlisi Milli. 
The Majlisi Milli shall function based on convocations. 
Every citizen of the Republic of Tajikistan not younger than 35 years old having higher education diploma shall be elected and appointed members of the Majlisi Milli. 
Each former President of the Republic of Tajikistan shall be a life-term member of Majlisi Milli, unless resigned voluntarily. 
The Constitutional law shall regulate the number of the members of the Majlisi Milli and the deputies of Majlisi Namoyandagon, procedure for their election, failure and determination of inconsistency of the members of the Majlisi Milli and the deputies of Majlisi Namoyandagon plenary powers. 
 
Article 50. The Government members, judges, law and order bodies' officers, military officers and other persons defined by the Constitutional law shall not be Majlisi Milli members. 
The citizen shall not be the member of the Majlisi Milli and the deputy of Majlisi Namoyandagon at the same time. The Majlisi Milli member shall not be a deputy of more than two representative bodies. 
Majlisi Namoyandagon deputy shall not be a deputy of other representative bodies, to occupy other post and engage in business activities, except for scientific, creative and pedagogical activities. 
 
Article 51. The Majlisi Milli member and Majlisi Namoyandagon deputy shall not be attached to the electors' orders, rather have the right freely to express their own opinion, vote in accordance with their own decision. 
The Majlisi Milli member and Majlisi Namoyandagon deputy shall have the status of immunity, shall not be arrested, keep in custody, detain, and search, except for cases when caught red-handed. 
Also, Majlisi Milli member and Majlisi Namoyandagon deputy shall not be subject to personal search, except for cases defined by law to safeguard the security of others. The issue of deprivation of immunity for Majlisi Milli member and Majlisi Namoyandagon deputy shall be based on the proposal of the Prosecutor-General and by a relevant Majlis. The Majlisi Milli member's and Majlisi Namoyandagon deputy's powers shall be eliminated in case of their death, resignation, determination incapable by the court, taking effect of the court's indictment, cessation of citizenship, leaving the republic forever, holding a post incompatible with plenary powers of the Majlisi Milli member, dissolution of the Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon. Majlisi Milli member's and Majlisi Namoyandagon deputy's legal status shall be regulated by the Constitutional Law.
 
Article 52. The President of the Republic of Tajikistan shall summon the first session of the Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon within one month of their election. The first session of the Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon shall be opened and conducted by a member or a deputy senior in age until the choosing of the Chairmen for these Majlises. The Majlisi Milli activity shall be performed in the form of sessions. The Chairman of the Majlisi Milli shall summon the Majlisi Milli sessions no less than four times a year. The activity of the Majlisi Namoyandagon shall be conducted in the form of session. The next session of the Majlisi Namoyandagon shall be summoned once a year from the first working day in October until the last working day in June. During the periods between the sessions of the Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon, when necessary, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan shall summon their extraordinary sessions. In such sessions there shall be discussed only those issues which caused the summon thereof.
 
Article 53. The Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon shall choose the Chairmen, their first deputies and deputies from amongst the members and deputies of the Majlises. One of the deputies Chairman of the Majlisi Milli shall be chosen from among the representatives of the Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region. The Chairman of the Majlisi Milli and Chairman of the Majlisi Namoyandagon shall be chosen by secret ballot of the majority number of members and deputies accordingly. The procedure for choosing the deputies Chairman of the Majlisi Milli and the Chairman of Majlisi Namoyandagon shall be regulated by the Majlises' Regulations. The Chairmen of the Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon shall be accountable to the respective Majlises and can be recalled by no less than two thirds of the total number of members and deputies. The Chairmen of the Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon and their first deputies and deputies shall chair the sessions and handle other relevant issues. The Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon shall organize their coordinating and working agencies independently, as well as set up relevant committees and commissions, and arrange parliamentary discussions on the Majlis related issues. Coordinating bodies of the Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon shall hold separate meetings. The Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon shall adopt their Regulations for activities.
 
Article 54. The Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon shall hold separate sessions. The sessions of the Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon shall be eligible only if two thirds of the total number of members and deputies are present. The Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon shall hold open sessions. It is possible to hold closed sessions in cases stipulated by law and by the Regulations of the Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon. The Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon shall hold joint sessions in cases stipulated by Constitution.
Article 55. Powers of the Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon in the time of holding joint sessions:
 
1. Confirmation of decrees of the President to appoint and discharge the Prime Minister and other Government members;
2. Confirmation of decree of the President on announcing war and emergency situations;
3. To make agree of use of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan to carry out the international commitments of Tajikistan outside the country;
4. Appointing the Presidential election;
5. Adopting the resignation of the President;
6. Awarding the President with the state decoration and conferring him the highest military ranks.
7. Contemplate the issue on the Presidential immunity. The Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon shall adopt the resolution based on the specified powers in their joint sessions. Joint resolutions of the Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon shall be improved by the majority of the total number of the Majlisi Milli members and Majlisi Namoyandagon deputies, and the vote shall take place in each Majlises separately, unless otherwise specified by the Constitution procedure for passing resolution. In joint session of the Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon the President shall take an oath and make a speech with the address on principle direction of the internal and foreign policies of the republic.
 
Article 56. Powers of the Majlisi Milli:
 
1. Establishing, elimination and changing the territorial and the administrative units; 
2. The election and convocation of the Chairman, deputies and judges of the Constitutional Court, Supreme Court and Supreme Economic Court based on the proposal of the President; 
3. Making decision of eliminating the immunity of the Chairmen, deputies and judges of the Constitutional Court, Supreme Court and Supreme Economic Court; 
4. Approval of appointment and dismissal of the Prosecutor-General and his deputies; 
5. Implementation of other powers defined by the Constitution and laws. 
The Majlisi Milli shall adopt resolutions based on the specified powers. The majority of the total number of its members shall approve the resolutions of the Majlisi Milli, unless otherwise specified by the Constitution on the procedures for passing resolutions. 
 
Article 57. Powers of the Majlisi Namoyandagon:
 
1. Establishing the Central Elections and Referendum Commission of the Republic of Tajikistan, electing and recalling the Chairman, his deputy and members based on the proposal of the President;
2. Present to public's discussion draft laws and other important national and public issues;
3. Confirming social and economic programs;
4. Making decision commitments for State debt;
5. Ratification and cancellation of international agreements;
6. Appointing the referendum;
7. Establishing courts;
8. Confirmation of State attributes;
9. Confirmation of State awards;
10.  Confirmation of the Presidential decrees concerning appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the National Bank and deputies thereof;
11.  Setting the military and diplomatic ranks, ranks and special titles;
12.  Setting the wage of the President;
13.  Implementation of other powers specified by the Constitution and laws. The Majlisi Namoyandagon shall adopt resolutions based on its plenary powers. The majority of the total number of its deputies shall decide the resolutions of the Majlisi Namoyandagon, unless otherwise specified by the Constitution on the procedure for passing resolutions. 
Leaders of foreign countries shall address in the session of Majlisi Namoyandagon. 
 
Article 58. The members of the Majlisi Milli, deputies of the Majlisi Namoyandagon, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, the Government of Tajikistan, Majlis of people's deputies of the Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region shall have the right of legislation initiative. 
 
Article 59. Draft laws shall be submitted to the Majlisi Namoyandagon. 
The President of the Republic of Tajikistan shall present the draft of Amnesty law to the Majlisi Namoyandagon. 
The draft budget law, laws on introduction of taxes and their elimination shall be presented to the Majlisi Namoyandagon by the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan. 
 
Article 60. The Majlisi Namoyandagon shall adopt laws. The majority of the total number of deputies shall pass laws, unless otherwise specified by the Constitution. 
The laws adopted by the Majlisi Namoyandagon shall be presented to the Majlisi Milli, except for the State budget and Amnesty laws. 
The Majlisi Milli shall approve a law by the majority of the total number of its members. In case of failure by the Majlisi Milli to approve the law, the Majlisi Namoyandagon shall consider it repeatedly.
In case of disagreement by the Majlisi Namoyandagon with the decision of the Majlisi Milli, the law shall consider to be passed if the Majlisi Namoyandagon approves it repeatedly by not less than two thirds of the total number of deputies. 
Only the Majlisi Namoyandagon shall pass the State budget and Amnesty laws. The Majlisi Namoyandagon shall supervise the State budget implementation. 
 
Article 61. The constitutional laws shall be adopted concerning issues identified by the Constitution. The constitutional laws shall be confirm by no less than two thirds of the total number of deputies of the Majlisi Namoyandagon and shall be approved by no less than two thirds of the total number of the members of the Majlisi Milli. 
In case of disagreement by the Majlisi Namoyandagon with the decision of the Majlisi Milli, the constitutional law shall be considered passed if the Majlisi Namoyandagon adopted it repeatedly by no less than two thirds of the total number of deputies. 
The Majlisi Oli shall interpret the Constitution in the said order and adopt it in the form of Constitutional Law. 
 
Article 62. Laws shall be submitted to the President of the Republic of Tajikistan for signing and publication. Should the President disagree with the laws, or part thereof, it shall be returned during fifteen days to the Majlisi Namoyandagon supplied with comments and proposals. The Majlisi Milli and the Majlisi Namoyandagon based on the procedure established by the Constitution shall ravishingly consider the said law. Should the law be repeatedly approved in its previous version by the majority of two thirds of the total number of the members of the Majlisi Milli and deputies of the Majlisi Namoyandagon, the President shall sign the law within ten days and publish it. 
While considering the law returned by the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, which had previously been adopted by the two thirds of votes in the Majlisi Namoyandagon, the Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon shall approve it repeatedly by the majority no less than two thirds of votes. 
Should the President return the constitutional law, the Majlisi Namoyandagon and Majlisi Milli, based on the procedure established by the Constitution, shall consider this law repeatedly. In case of the repeated consideration the constitutional law in its previously approved version shall be passed by the majority of three quarter of the total number of the members of the Majlisi Milli and deputies of the Majlisi Namoyandagon. The President shall sign the constitutional law within ten days and publish it. 
 
Article 63. The Majlisi Milli and the Majlisi Namoyandagon in their joint session shall voluntarily dissolve before the end of its term of office by approval of no less than two thirds of the members of the Majlisi Milli and the deputies of the Majlisi Namoyandagon. 
The Majlisi Milli and the Majlisi Namoyandagon shall not dissolve under emergency situations and status of war. 
 
CHAPTER FOUR 
 
THE PRESIDENT 
 
Article 64. The President of the Republic of Tajikistan shall be the head of state and executive authority (the Government). 
The President shall be the protector of the Constitution, laws, and rights and liberties of the individual and citizen, the guarantor of national independence, unity and territorial integrity, stability, and continuity of the state, and the ensure of the functioning and cooperating of the bodies of state powers and Tajikistan's observance of international treaties. 
 
Article 65. The citizens of Tajikistan on the basis of universal, direct, and equal suffrage shall elect the President by secret ballot for a term of 7 years. 
Every citizen of the Republic of Tajikistan not younger than 35 years old speaking the state language and permanently lived on the territory of the republic at least for the last 10 years can be nominated to the post of the President. 
Only a person whose nomination is signed by at least five percent of the electorate shall be eligible for candidacy to the post of President. 
One person shall not be elected consecutively to the position of President for more than two term of office. 
 
Article 66. The election of the President shall be deemed valid if more than half of the electorate takes part in it. 
A candidate to the post of the President who wins votes with more than half of the voters taking part in the elections shall be considered to be elected as the President. 
The Constitutional Law shall specify the procedure of the election of the President. 
 
Article 67. The President, before assuming office shall take the following oath in the joint session of the Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon: 
"I, as President, do solemnly swear to protect the Constitution and the laws of the republic; to guarantee the rights, liberties, honor, and dignity of the citizens; to protect territorial integrity and political, economic, and cultural independence of Tajikistan; and sincerely serve the people." 
The authority of the President shall be terminated after the swearing-in of the new President. 
 
Article 68. The President shall not occupy any other job. He shall no be a deputy of representative bodies and cannot engage in entrepreneurial activity. 
 
Article 69. Powers of the President:
 
1. Shall determine principal directions of internal and foreign policy of the republic;
2. Shall represent Tajikistan in the country and in international relations;
3. Shall establish and eliminate ministries and state committees;
4. Shall appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister and other Government members, submit for confirming his decrees on the appointment and dismissal of the Prime Minister and other Government members to the joint sessions of the Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon;
5. Shall appoint and dismiss the chairmen of Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region, regions, city of Dushanbe, towns and districts and submit for conforming to the relevant Majlis of people's deputies;
6. Shall cancel and suspend the document of the executive authority bodies in case of their conflict with the Constitution;
7. Shall appoint and dismiss the Chairman of the National Bank and his deputies and submit the relevant decrees for confirming to the Majlisi Namoyandagon;
8. Shall nominate the Chairman, his deputies and judges of the Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, Supreme Economic Court for election and recalling by the Majlisi Milli;
9. Shall appoint and dismiss with the approval of the Majlisi Milli the Prosecutor General and deputies thereof;
10. Shall set up the Executive Office of the President;
11. Shall set up and lead the Security Council;
12. Shall set up the Council of Justice;
13. Shall appoint and dismiss based on the proposals of the Council of Justice the Military court judges, judges of courts of Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region, regions, city of Dushanbe, towns and districts, as well as the economic courts of Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region, regions, city of Dushanbe;
14. Shall call a referendum, elections to the Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon and local representative bodies;
15. Shall sign laws;
16. Shall determine the monetary system and submit the relevant information to the Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon;
17. Shall give orders and account for reserve funds;
18. Shall lead the implementation of foreign policy, sign international agreements and submit for confirming to the Majlisi Namoyandagon;
19. Shall appoint and dismiss heads of diplomatic representative offices in foreign countries, representatives of the republic to international organizations;
20. Shall receive credentials of diplomatic representatives of foreign countries;
21. Shall be Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Tajikistan, appoint and dismiss commanders of the Armed Forces troops of Tajikistan;
22. Shall announce status of war and submit the relevant decree for confirming to the joint session of Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon in case of real threat to the State security;
23. Shall determine use of the Armed Forces of Tajikistan outside the country to fulfill the international commitments of Tajikistan with approval of the Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon;
24. Shall enounce all over the Republic, or in specific regions of the country emergency situation and immediately submit the relevant decree for confirming to the joint session of the Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon, as well as inform the United Nations Organization;
25. Shall solve the citizenship related issues;
26. Shall provide political asylum;
27. Shall solve amnesty related issues;
28. Shall award high military, diplomatic ranks, special ranks and titles;
29. Shall award citizens with the State prizes, decorations, State premiums and honorary titles of Tajikistan;
30. Implement other powers determined by the Constitution and laws.
 
Article 70. The President shall adopt decrees and give orders within the framework of his authority, inform the joint session of the Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon about the country's situation, and submit important and necessary issues for discussion to the joint session of the Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon. 
 
Article 71. In case of death, resignation and incapability of the President, his duties prior to the beginning of assignment by the new President, shall be taken over by the Chairman of the Majlisi Milli. In this event the powers of the Chairman of the Majlisi Milli shall be delegated to his first deputy. 
In the mentioned cases Presidential elections shall be undertaken within three months. 
The powers of the President can be ceased in cases when he informs about his resignation in the joint session of the Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon by approval of the majority members of the Majlisi Milli and deputies of the Majlisi Namoyandagon, and the vote shall take place in each Majlises separately. 
In case of the President's incapability to perform his duties due to sickness, confermed by the state medical commission both Majlises in their joint session shall adopt a resolution on the President's discharge of his position prior to end of his term of office by approval of not less than two thirds of
members and deputies of each Majlises. 
 
Article 72. The President shall possess the immunity right. 
The immunity of the President shall be abolished in case of high treason based on the opinion of the Constitutional Court and with the approval of two thirds of the total number of the members of the Majlisi Milli and deputies of the Majlisi Namoyandagon, and the vote shall take place in each Majlises separately. 
 
CHAPTER FIVE 
 
THE GOVERNMENT 
 
Article 73. The Government of the republic shall consist of the Prime Minister, his first Deputy, Deputies, Ministers, and Chairmen of state committees. 
The Government shall ensure the successful leadership of economic, social, and cultural spheres and the implementation of laws and joint resolutions of the Majlisi Milli and the Majlisi Namoyandagon, resolutions of the Majlisi Milli, resolutions of the Majlisi Namoyandagon, decrees and orders of the President of Tajikistan. 
The members of the Government shall not perform any other duties, be the deputies of representative authorities, or engage in entrepreneurship, except for scientific, creative and pedagogic activities. 
 
Article 74. The Government shall issue resolutions and orders in accordance with the Constitution and laws of the republic, the implementation of which is compulsory in the territory of Tajikistan.
The Government shall lay down its power before the newly elected President. 
The Government shall ask the President for its resignation if it deems necessary that it cannot function normally. Every member of the Government shall have the right to resign. 
The Constitutional law shall determine the structure, activity, and authority of the Government. 
 
Article 75. The Government shall submit to the Majlisi Namoyandagon social and economic programs, policies of issuing and receiving state loan and economic assistance to other countries, draft state budgets, and issues related to an acceptable amount of the state budget deficit and its compensation source.
 
CHAPTER SIX
 
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
 
Article 76. Local government shall consist of representative and executive authorities and function within the framework of its authorities. They shall ensure the implementation of the Constitution, laws, joint resolutions of the Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon, resolutions of the Majlisi Milli, resolutions of the Majlisi Namoyandagon, acts of the President and the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan.
 
Article 77. The local representative authority in regions, towns, and districts is the Majlis of people's deputies, which is chaired by the chairman. The plenary power of the Majlis of people's deputies shall be five-years. The Maljlis of people's deputies shall confirm the local budget and reports on its implementation, determine the ways of economic and social development of the area, determine in accordance with the law local taxes and their payments, determine the ways of ruling and possessing communal properties within the framework of the law, and implement other plenary powers prescribed in the Constitution and laws.
 
Article 78. The President's representative-chairman of region, town, and district shall govern the local executive government. The chairman shall head the representative and executive authority in administrative and border units. The President shall appoint and dismiss chairmen of the Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region, regions, city of Dushanbe, towns, and districts and to propose them for confirming to the relevant Majlises of people's deputies. The chairman shall be responsible before the higher executive bodies and relevant Majlis of people's deputies. The Constitutional law shall regulate the structure, authority, and activity of local government authorities. The self-government authority of a settlement and village is jamoat, law shall regulate the procedure of its establishment, authority, and activity.
 
Article 79. The representative authority and the chairman shall adopt legal documents within the framework of their authorities, the implementation of which is compulsory in that territory. In case of not conforming the documents of the representative authorities and the Chairman to the Constitution and laws, the higher bodies, the bodies themselves, Chairman and the court shall revoke them.
 
Article 80. The Majlisi Milli shall have the right to dissolve the Majlis of people's deputies of the Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region, regions, city of Dushanbe, towns, and districts in case of constant failure to observe the demands of the Constitution and law.
 
CHAPTER SEVEN
 
THE BADAKHSHAN MOUNTAINOUS AUTONOMOUS REGION
 
Article 81. The Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region shall be an integral and indivisible part of the Republic of Tajikistan. 
The territory of the Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region shall not be changed without the consent of its Majlis of people's deputies. 
 
Article 82. The Majlis of People's Deputies of Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region shall have the right of legislation initiative.
 
Article 83. The Constitutional law shall regulate the powers of the Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region in social, economic and cultural spheres and other powers of the region. 
 
CHAPTER EIGHT 
 
THE COURT 
 
Article 84. The judicial system shall be independent and implement on behalf of the state and by the judges. The judicial system shall protect the rights and liberties of individual and citizen, the state's interests, organizations and establishments, legality and justice. 
The judicial system shall be implemented by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Supreme Economic Court, the Military Court, the Court of Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region, courts of regions, the city of Dushanbe, towns and districts, Economic Court of Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region, Economic Court of regions and the city of Dushanbe. 
The Constitutional law shall determine the structure and activity of the court. 
The term of authority of the judges shall be ten years. 
The creation of emergency courts shall be prohibited. 
 
Article 85. A lawyer who is not younger than 30 years old and is not older than 65 years old and have at least five years experience in the legal profession shall be eligible for being elected and appointed as the judges of the Supreme Court, the Supreme Economic Court, the Court of Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region, courts of regions and the city of Dushanbe. 
A person who is not younger than 25 years old and is not older than 65 years old and have at least three years experience in the legal profession shall be eligible for being appointed as the judges of towns and districts, the Military court, the Economic Court of Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region, regions and city of Dushanbe. 
 
Article 86. Judges of the Military Courts, judges of the Court of Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region, regions, city of Dushanbe, towns and districts, as well as judges of the Economic Court of Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region, regions and city of Dushanbe shall be appointed and dismissed by the President on the basis of resolution made by the Council of Justice. 
 
Article 87. Judges shall be independent in their activities and subordinate only to the Constitution and law. Interference in their activity shall be not permitted. 
 
Article 88. Judges shall consider cases collectively or individually. 
Court proceeding shall be carried out on the basis of the adversarial system and the equal rights of the parties. 
The examination of cases in all courts shall be open, except the cases that are stipulated by law. 
Court proceeding shall take place in official language or the language of the majority of the population of the place. Those people who do not know the language of the court proceeding shall be provided with interpreter. 
 
Article 89. The Constitutional Court consists of seven judges, one of whom is a representative of the Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region. 
A lawyer who is not younger than 30 years old and is not older than 65 years old and have 10 years' experience in the legal profession shall be eligible for being elected as the judges of the Constitutional Court. 
The system of the Constitutional Court shall be: 
1) to determine the conformity of laws, joint legal documents of the Majlisi Milli and Majlisi Namoyandagon, legal documents of the Majlisi Milli, the Majlisi Namoyandagon, the President, the Government, the Supreme Court, Supreme Economic Court, and other state and social authorities, as well as agreements that have not entered into force in Tajikistan to the Constitution.
2) to resolve disputes between the state power on their authority; 
3) to implement other duties stipulated by the Constitution and laws. 
The acts of the Constitutional Court shall be final. 
 
Article 90. Judges shall not perform other duties, be deputies of representative authorities, members of political parties and organizations or engage in entrepreneurship except scientific, creative and pedagogical activities. 
 
Article 91. Judges shall possess the immunity right. A judge shall not be subjected to arrest and criminal proceeding without the permission of the authority that has elected and appointed him. A judge shall not be arrested except while committing a crime. 
 
Article 92. Legal assistance shall be recognized in all stages of court proceeding. 
The law shall regulate the structure and procedure of activities of legal profession, and other types of legal assistance. 
 
CHAPTER NINE 
 
THE PROSECUTOR'S OFFICE 
 
Article 93. The Prosecutor-General and prosecutors who are subordinate to him shall control the exact observance and uniform execution of laws within the framework of their authority in the territory of Tajikistan. 
 
Article 94. The Prosecutor-General shall head a single and centralized system of the Prosecutor's Office of Tajikistan. The Prosecutor-General shall be responsible to the Majlisi Milli and the President. 
 
Article 95. The Prosecutor-General of Tajikistan shall be appointed for a five-year term. 
The Prosecutor-General shall appoint and relieve of office those prosecutors who are subordinate to him. The term of authority of procurators shall be five years. 
The Constitutional Law shall regulate the activity, authority, and structure of the Prosecutor's Office. 
Article 96. The Prosecutor-General and prosecutors who are subordinate to him shall function independently without interference from state bodies and officials; they are only subordinate to law. 
 
Article 97. The procurator shall not perform other duties, be deputies of the representative authorities, be a member of political parties and organizations or engage in entrepreneurship except scientific, creative and pedagogical activities. 
 
CHAPTER TEN 
 
PROCEDURE FOR INTRODUCING AMENDMENTS 
TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 
Article 98. Amendments and addenda to the Constitution shall take place by referendum. 
The President or the Majlisi Namoyandagon shall appoint referendum with the consent of no less than two thirds of total number of deputies. 
 
Article 99. Amendments in the Constitution shall be proposed by the President or at least by one thirds of the total number of the members of the Majlisi Milli and deputies of the Majlisi Namoyandagon. 
The propose amendment in the Constitution shall be published in the press three months before the referendum. 
 
Article 100. The form of public administration, the territorial integrity, and the democratic, law-governed, secular and social nature of the state shall be irrevocable. 
 
THE TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS 
 
The amendments and addenda to the Constitution of Republic of Tajikistan shall come into legal force after the announcement of the results of the referendum and from the day of its official publication.
The laws and other normative and legal acts shall remain in effect until bringing in "Amendments and addenda to the Constitution of Republic of Tajikistan" operated in that part which does not contravene the adopted amendments and addenda.
The elections of President in secession on two terms stipulated by the fourth part of article 65, begin upon termination of powers of the acting President.
Judges of all courts of Republic of Tajikistan that were elected or nominated until coming into force brought in "Amendments and addenda to the Constitution of Republic of Tajikistan" shall keep their powers before termination of their term. After coming into legal force of amendments, judges shall be elected or nominated for the term of 10 years
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